U.S Supreme Court Justices John Roberts and Sonia Sotomayor should be “ashamed of themselves,” legal scholar Erwin Chemerinsky told a St. Paul audience Monday night.
At his confirmation hearing, Roberts likened the job of a justice to that of a baseball umpire, calling balls and strikes, Chemerinsky reminded the audience. Sotomayor said at her confirmation hearing justices don’t “make law,” they just “apply” law.
Chemerinsky, dean of the Law School at the University of California at Irvine, said those justices and others who made similar claims throughout U.S. legal history were misleading the public, and reinforcing the widely held idea that the role of the Supreme Court is merely to “divine” the correct meaning of the U.S. Constitution. It’s a popular belief, he said, but at some level “we all know better.”
Chemerinsky is a liberal. He calls the Citizens United ruling (which opened the door to almost unlimited campaign contributions) one of the worst in history. His previous book was called “The Conservative Assault on the Supreme Court.”
But his latest book, “The Case Against the Supreme Court,” is not (or is more than) a liberal attack on the work of the Roberts court (as he signals by including liberal Justice Sotomayor in the denunciation above). Chemerinsky is arguing that:
a) The Supreme Court has been, on balance, a more negative than positive influence on our country throughout its history, and
b) The idea that justices bring neutral, objective legal principles to the task of “divining” the true meaning and purpose of the language in the statutes and the Constitution is bunk.
On the contrary to b) above, says Chemerinsky:
“We should all admit that this is an emperor that has no clothes… The judges of the Supreme Court have tremendous discretion – discretion in interpreting the open-ended language of the Constitution…
We should recognize what the Supreme Court is doing, day in and day out, is making value choices. And we should make them accountable for those value choices.”
Chemerinsky spoke last night at Hamline Law School in an annual endowed lecture named for David Cobin, a former professor at the Hamline school who died in 2011.
Chemerinsky reviewed many of the most famous awful Supreme Court decisions:
- Like Plessy v. Ferguson, which upheld racially segregated public accommodations from 1896 to 1954 and was the legal basis for the legality of the Jim Crow south;
- Like the Korematsu ruling that authorized the imprisonment of more than 100,000 Japanese Americans during World War II, not a single one of whom, Chemerinsky said, was ever charged with an act of treason;
- Or the court ruling that upheld a long prison sentence for socialist Eugene Debs for telling an audience of young men during World War I that “You need at this time especially to know that you are fit for something better than slavery and cannon fodder.” If the First Amendment doesn’t protect the right of an opponent of government policy, including the policy of entering the war, what good is it? Chemerinsky asked.
For years, Chemerinsky said, he had taught these cases, which are all understood in retrospect to have been miscarriages of justice, as if they were anomalies. But by explaining them that way, he said, “I realized I had been making excuses for the Supreme Court.”
These cases were not really so much the exceptions, as the rule, he decided.
Protecting minority rights
If there’s any excuse in a democracy to allow unelected judges to overrule elected representatives, it should be to protect minority rights. The majority can protect itself by electing those with whom it agrees. But “the court exists to protect the rights of minorities.”
But, in broad overview, he argued, the Supreme Court has done a terrible job of protecting minorities, the poor and the defenseless. From 1789 to 1865, in roughly 100 percent of cases affecting slavery, the Supreme Court “aggressively protected the rights of slave-owners,” Chemerinsky said, but never once ruled in favor of the rights of slaves.
From 1896 (the date of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling) until 1954 (the date of the Brown vs. the Board of Education ruling), the court enforced the spurious doctrine of “separate but equal,” which amounted to enforcing the preference of the powerful over the powerless. And as recently as 2013, the court struck down key provisions of the Voting Rights Act, which he estimated had jeopardized the voting rights of about 600,000 Americans, almost all of them African-Americans or Hispanic.
When he lets loose this denunciation of the Supreme Court’s failure to protect the powerless, his students always bring up the Warren court of the 1950s and 1960s, which delivered many decisions upholding the rights of the powerless. Yes, he tells them, the Warren court “did a lot of good.” But not as much as they should have. The Brown ruling ordered that separate segregated school systems be dismantled with “all deliberate speed,” a weird oxymoron that allowed the status quo ante to continue for many more years.
Brutal case
I’ve written about Supreme Court jurisdiction fairly often over the years, and was familiar with most of the cases Chemerinsky cited, although I had seldom been exposed to such a wide-ranging, overall indictment of the court’s overall effect. But Chemerinsky did talk about some cases that were new to me, including this one, with which he opened his talk. (It’s fairly brutal so you might want to stop reading here.)
Carrie Buck, a Virginia teenager, was raised by a foster family in 1920s Virginia. She was raped and impregnated by a nephew of her foster mother. Blamed for her pregnancy, she was committed in 1924 into a hospital for the “feeble-minded,” where the superintendent sought to have her sterilized, against her wishes. Her guardian started a lawsuit to block the procedure which ended up going to the U.S. Supreme Court, which, by a vote of 8-1, upheld the Virginia law allowing the sterilization to proceed. The majority opinion, by the famous and generally admired Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., concluded that “Three generations of imbeciles are enough.”
Buck eventually left the hospital, was married (but could have no further children) and lived a long life that showed little evidence of feeble-mindedness. Her daughter (the product of the rape for which her mother was blamed and presumably representing the third of the three generations of imbeciles to which Justice Holmes referred) was an honor roll student the year before she died of measles.
In his book, Chemerinsky outlined several reforms that he suggests would move things in the right direction. For example:
Presidents should employ a merit selection process to screen potential Supreme Court nominees. (President Jimmy Carter did utilize such a panel for lower-level federal judicial appointments.)
All public proceedings of the Supreme Court should be televised. (Given the amount of power the justices have over our lives, the public should be able to watch them work.)
Ethical rules that apply to lower-level judges should apply to the Supreme Court. (Currently it is entirely up to each justice to decide whether, for example, he or she has a conflict of interest that requires recusal.)
- Justices should serve for a single, non-renewable 18-year term. (This one would require a constitutional amendment, which Chemerinsky acknowledged makes it highly unlikely. But given the combination of the tendency to appoint younger judges and the rises in life expectancy, the potential becomes likely for justices to serve many decades, which Chemerinsky called “too much power for one individual to hold for too long.” If Justice Clarence Thomas, who was nominated at age 43, retires at age 90, as Justice John Paul Stevens recently did, Thomas will have been on the bench 47 years. Chemerinsky also said the regular rotation and fixed terms would reduce the level of flukiness that allows one president to appoint many justices while another may appoint none at all.)
